Peppercorns, a popular spice in cooking, originate from a climbing vine that thrives in warm, humid climates. The vine can grow up to 13 feet tall, adding an ornamental touch to gardens with its dark green heart-shaped leaves and small white or greenish flowers. These flowers eventually produce clusters of green berries, which ripen into peppercorns, turning red as they mature.
While growing peppercorns at home is a great way to cultivate your own spices, it can be more challenging than growing common herbs. This is because the plant is native to tropical regions, where it thrives in the understory of forests. However, it is still possible to grow peppercorns in a garden or even in containers. To learn more, we spoke with expert Julia Omelchenko about the best ways to grow and care for peppercorn plants.
Growing Peppercorn Plants from Seed
One way to start growing peppercorns is from seeds, which can be purchased from garden centers. “Fresh seeds are essential, as older seeds lose viability and may not germinate,” explains Omelchenko, a botany expert at Plantum. Before planting, soak the seeds in water for 24 hours to soften the outer layer. Then, plant them just below the soil surface, about half to one inch deep. The soil should be kept moist but not overly wet to encourage germination.
In USDA zones 11 to 12, peppercorns can be grown directly in the ground. For cooler climates, Omelchenko suggests growing them in containers that can be kept indoors, such as in a kitchen garden.
Caring for Peppercorn Plants
Proper care is crucial for keeping peppercorn plants healthy. Here are some tips:
Soil: Peppercorns prefer well-draining, slightly acidic soil. “Adding organic compost helps improve soil fertility,” says Omelchenko. She advises against heavy soils, which can cause root rot. If your soil is dense or clay-heavy, consider adding sand along with compost to enhance drainage.
Sunlight: These plants thrive in bright, filtered light but can tolerate partial shade. “Direct sunlight can scorch the leaves, while too little light can stunt growth and reduce berry production,” she adds. Outdoors, they may do well under taller trees, and indoors, indirect light is ideal.
Water: Peppercorns need frequent watering but should not be overwatered. Allow the topsoil to dry slightly between waterings. “Avoid letting the soil dry out completely,” Omelchenko advises.
Fertilizer: Peppercorn plants don’t need much fertilizer. “During the growing season, apply a balanced fertilizer, with a focus on potassium and phosphorus, and less nitrogen,” she recommends.
Temperature and Humidity: Peppercorns are sensitive to cold. They stop growing when temperatures dip below 64°F. “The ideal temperature is between 73°F and 84°F,” says Omelchenko. Since peppercorn is a climbing vine, it will need support, like stakes or trellises, as it grows.
Types of Peppercorn
The various peppercorn colors—black, green, white, and red—aren’t different plant varieties. Instead, they come from the same plant and are harvested at different ripening stages.
Black pepper is made from green berries that are harvested before ripening, then sun-dried.
Green pepper is harvested unripe and can be used fresh, dried, or preserved.
White pepper comes from ripe berries with the outer flesh removed, often used in light-colored sauces.
Red pepper is made from fully ripe berries, known for a fruity, sweet flavor.
Pruning and Propagating Peppercorn Plants
Pruning helps maintain peppercorn plants’ size and encourages new growth. Regularly remove dead or damaged leaves and prune shoots to control the plant’s height. Peppercorns can also be propagated through seeds, cuttings, or offsets.
Seed Propagation: Take a ripe red berry, soak it in water, and plant it.
Cutting Propagation: Cut a 6- to 8-inch vine section, remove lower leaves, and place it in water until roots form.
Offset Propagation: Bend a low branch to the ground, cover it with soil, and wait for roots to form.
Growing Peppercorn in Containers
For those living in cooler climates, growing peppercorn plants in containers is a viable option. Use pots with drainage holes, fill the bottom with clay pebbles, and plant in potting soil designed for flowering plants. “Consider adding compost and perlite to the mix for better drainage,” says Omelchenko. Container-grown plants may need more frequent watering since the soil dries out faster.
Maintain humidity by misting regularly or using a humidifier. In cold weather, bring the plants indoors if the temperature drops below 59°F.
Repotting and Common Problems
Peppercorns grow slowly, so they can stay in pots for extended periods. If repotting is needed, gently remove the plant and transfer it to a larger container with fresh soil.
Root rot is a common issue with peppercorns, often caused by waterlogged soil. “Ensure proper drainage to avoid this problem,” warns Omelchenko. Pests like aphids, mealybugs, and spider mites can also attack peppercorn plants. Treat infestations with insecticidal soap or horticultural oil.
Harvesting Peppercorns
Peppercorns can be harvested at various stages depending on the desired flavor. Green berries offer a mild taste, while red berries are harvested for black pepper after drying. To make white pepper, remove the red husk before drying. Once dried, store the peppercorns in an airtight container and grind as needed.